Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation – adiagnostic and therapeutic challenge
Abstract
Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a valvular disorder caused by left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease. It represents a valvular consequence of left ventricular contractile dysfunction and/or pathologic remodeling that indirectly impairs appropriate closing of the mitral valve. IMR is not caused by a structural change of the mitral valve. Acute postinfarction mitral regurgitation is also differentiated from chronic IMR. Chronic IMR occurs in the chronic stage of myocardial infarction in 20–50 % of the patients; its prevalence in the population is increasing. In patients after myocardial infarction, impaired contractility and mitral regurgitation are the most important negative prognostic factors. Furthermore, regurgitation that would be considered mild in patients with organic mitral valve disease already has a negative prognostic implication in patients with IMR.
Echocardiogram is the fundamental tool for diagnostic evaluation and treatment planning in patients with IMR. The key parameters that have to be assessed include left ventricular contractile dysfunction, degree of left ventricular remodeling, pathologic changes in mitral valve geometry and quantification of regurgitation severity. In some patients, significant IMR can only be identified by stress echocardiography.
Although IMR has an important negative impact on prognosis, indications for treatment and best treatment options have still not been well defined. According to the European and American guidelines, significant IMR should be treated, particularly in patients who are candidates for surgical coronary artery revascularisation. However, there is still no conclusive evidence that any surgical or percutaneous treatment of IMR improves patients’ prognosis.
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