Cardiac output measurement
Abstract
In recent years, developments in the measuring of cardiac output and other haemodynamic variables are focused on the so-called minimally invasive methods. The aim of these methods is to simplify the management of high-risk and haemodynamically unstable patients. Due to the need of invasive approach and the possibility of serious complications the use of pulmonary artery catheter has decreased. This article describes the methods for measuring cardiac output, which are based on volume measurement (Fick method, indicator dilution method), pulse wave analysis, Doppler effect, and electrical bioimpedance.
Downloads
References
Prabhu M. Cardiac output measurement. Anaesth Intesive Care Med 2007; 8 (2): 63–6.
ter Keurs HE. Electromechanical coupling in the cardiac myocyte; strech-arrhytmia feedback. PflugersArch 2011; 462(1): 165–75.
Bollensdorff C, Lookin O, Kohl P. Assessment of contractility in intact ventricular cardiomyocytes using the dimensionsless Frank-Starling Gain index. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462(1): 39–48.
Rosca M, Lancellotti P, Propescu BA, Pierard LA. Left atrial function: pathophysiology, echocardiographic assessment, and clinical applications. Heart 2011; 97 (23): 1982–9.
Wilcken DEL. Physiology of the normal heart. Surgery 2012; 30(1): 1–4.
Gilbert JC, Glantz SA. Determinants of left ventricular filling and of the diastolic pressure-volume relation. Circ Res 1989; 64: 827–52.
Geerts BF, Aarts LP, Jansen JR. Methods in pharmacology: measurement of cardiac output. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71(3): 316–30.
Tachibana K, Imanaka H, Takeuchi M, Takauchi Y, Miyano H, Nishimura M. Noninvasive cardiac output measurement using partial carbon dioxide rebreathing is less accurate at settings of reduced minute ventilation and when spontaneous breathing is present. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 830–7.
Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, Levy M, Marini JJ, Pazen D, Rhodes A, Takala J. The pulmonary artery catheter: In medio viturs. Crit Care Med 2008; 36(11): 3093–6.
Abreu AR, Campos MA, Krieger BP: Pulmonary artery rupture induced by a pulmonary artery catheter: A case report and review of the literature. J Intensive Care Med 2004; 19: 291–296.
Kuper M. Continuous cardiac output monitoring. Curr Anaesth Crit Care 2004; 15: 367–77.
Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 472–7.
Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 5–14 .
Squara P, Bennett D, Perret C. Pulmonary artery catheter: does the problem lie in the users? Chest 2002; 121: 2009–15.
Fowler RA, Cook DJ. The arc of the pulmonary artery catheter. JAMA 2003; 290: 2732–4 16.
Maus TM, Lee DE: Arterial pressure-based cardiac output assessment. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22(3): 468–73.
Pinsky MR. Minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring and goal-directed therapy. Semin Anesth, Perioperat Med Pain 2005; 24: 4–8.
Train the trainer folder. Advanced hemodynamic monitoring. PiCCO-Technology. Theory and practice. Dosegljivo na: http://www.pulsion.com/fileadmin/pulsion_share/Education/Training/TraintheTrainer/TtT_MPI851405US_R00_101008_Parameters.pdf
Della Roca G, Costa MG: Volumetric monitoring: principles of application. Minerva Anestesiol 2005; 71(6): 303–6.
Kiefer N, Hofer CK, Marx G, Geisen M, Giraud R, Siegenthaler N, et al. Clinical validation of a new thermodilution system for the assessment of cardiac output and volumetric parameters. Crit Care 2012; 16(3): R98.
Sakka SG, Ruhl CC, Pfeiffer UJ, Beale R, McLuckie A, Reinhart K, et al. Assessment of cardiac preload and extravascular lung water by single transpulmonary thermodilution. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(2): 180–7.
O’Brien T. LiDCO-From the laboratory to protocolized goal directed therapy. Annual Review in Control 2007; 31: 303–10.
Green D. Paklet L. Latest developments in peri-operative monitoring of the high-risk major sugery patient. Int J Surg 2010; 8(2): 90–9.
Wesseling KH, Jansen JR, Settels JJ, Schreuder JJ. Computation of aortic flow from pressure in humans using a nonlinear, three element model. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74(5): 2566–73.
Mathews L, Singh KRK. Cardiac output monitoring. Ann Card Anaesth 2008; 11(1): 56–68
Thiele RH, Durieux ME. Arterial waveform analysis for the anesthesiologist: past, present, and future concepts. Anest Analg 2011; 113(4): 766–76.
Essler S, Schroeder MJ, Phaniraj V, Koenig SC, Latham RD, Ewert D. Fast estimation of arterial vascular parameters for transient and steady beats with application to hemodynamic state under variant gravitational conditions. Ann Biomed Eng 1999; 27: 486–97.
Wesseling KH, deWitt B, Weber AP, Smith T. A simple device for the continuous measurement of cardiac output. Adv Cardiovasc Phys 1983; 5: 16–52.
de Vaal JB, de Wilde RB, van den Berg PC, Schreuder JJ, Jansen JR. Less invasive determination of cardiac output from the arterial pressure by aortic diameter-calibrated pulse contour. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 326–31.
Remington JW, Noback CR. Volume elasticity characteristics of the human aorta and prediction of the stroke volume from the pressure pulse. Am J Physiol 1948; 153: 298–308.
O’Brien T. LiDCO-From the laboratory to protocolized goal directed therapy. Annual Review in Control 2007; 31: 303–10.
Maus TM, Lee DE: Arterial pressure-based cardiac output assessment. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22(3): 468–73.
Linton NW, Linton RA. Estimation of changes in cardiac output from the arterial blood pressure waveform in the upper limb. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 486–96.
Romano SM, Pistolesi M. Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1834–41.
Pratt B, Roteliuk L, Hatib F, Frazier J, Wallen RD. Calculating arterial pressure-based cardiac output using a novel measure- ment and analysis method. Biomed Instrum Technol 2007; 41: 403–11.
Bein B, Meybohm P, Cavus E, Renner J, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Scholz J, Doerges V. The reliability of pulse contour-derived cardiac output during hemorrhage and after vasopressor administration. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105: 107–113.
Hadian M, Kim HK, Severyn DA, Pinsky MR. Cross-comparison of cardiac output trending accuracy of LiDCO, PiCCO, FloTrac and pulmonary artery catheters. Crit Care 2010; 14: R212 .
Cecconi M, Dawson D, Casaretti R, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. A prospective study of the accuracy and precision of continuous cardiac output monitoring devices as compared to intermittent thermodilution. Minerva Anestesiol 2010; 76: 1010–7 .
Reuter DA, Huang C, Edrich T, Shernan SK, Eltzschig HK. Cardiac output monitoring using indicator-dilution tech- niques: basics, limits, and perspectives. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 799–811.
Critchley LA, Lee A, Ho AM. A critical review of the ability of continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1180–92.
Turner MA. Doppler-based hemodynamic monitoring: a minimally invasive alternative. AACN Clin Issues 2003; 14: 220–31.
Spahn DR, Schmid ER, Tornic M, Jenni R, von Segesser L, Turina M, Baetscher A. Noninvasive versus invasive assessment of cardiac output after cardiac surgery: clinical validation. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990; 4: 46–59.
Langewouters GJ, Wesseling KH, Goedhard WJ. The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model. J Biomech 1984; 17: 425–35.
de Waal EE, Konings MK, Kalkman CJ, Buhre WF. Assessment of stroke volume index with three different bioimpedance algorithms: lack of agreement compared to thermodilution. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 735–9 .
Raval NY, Squara P, Cleman M, Yalamanchili K, Winklmaier M, Burkhoff D. Multicenter evaluation of noninvasive cardiac output measurement by bioreactance technique. J Clin Monit Comput 2008; 22: 113–9.
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) has the right to transfer the rights, acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.