Physical exercise and the immune system
Abstract
Imunologija telesne vadbe se je začela z opažanji, da pretrenirani športniki pogosteje zbolevajo za okužbami dihal. V zadnjih 20 letih pa se je pod vplivom spoznanj o zdravstveni koristnosti telesne vadbe začelo tudi preučevati dobrobiti redne in zmerne telesne vadbe na imunski sistem. Poskusi s cepljenji so pokazali, da redna zmerna telesna vadba za 15–20 % poveča odziv na cepljenje pri ljudeh, katerih imunski sistem je prizadet zaradi starosti ali kroničnega stresa. Še pomembnejše pa je, da redna telesna vadba na daljši rok deluje protivnetno. Mehanizem protivnetnega učinka telesne vadbe se zadnja leta razkriva s študijami citokinov in peptidov, ki jih med vadbo sproščajo mišične celice, funkcionalno ime za tovrstne citokine je »miokini«. Miokini močno vplivajo na mobiliziranje in zmanjšanje visceralnega maščevja, ki je izrazito vpleteno v vzdrževanje kroničnega sistemskega vnetja, povezanega z insulinsko toleranco, aterosklerozo, nevrodegeneracijo in povečano pojavnostjo tumorjev. Obenem miokini delujejo protivnetno, zato je uravnavanje vnetja med zmernim telesnim naporom drugačno kot med okužbo. S protivnetnim in imunoregulacijskim delovanjem redne telesne vadbe lahko povežamo jasne epidemiološke ugotovitve, da redna telesna vadba kot neodvisni dejavnik zmanjša pojavljanje nekaterih vrst raka.
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