Submucosal tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the role of endoscopic ultrasound
Abstract
Background: Endoscopic ultrasound is an imaging method, which used to combine two basic diagnostic methods in gastroenterology, endoscopy and ultrasound. Endosonography has significantly enriched diagnostic methods and facilitated therapeutic procedures in gastroenterology. This method provides detailed images of gastrointestinal wall and its layers, enables accurate evaluation of different diseases in the wall, their spread to surrounding structures and lymph nodes, planning different modes of treatment and following the results. At present time, this is the only diagnostic method in gastroenterology for precise evaluation of submucosal tumors and differentiation from impressions of gastrointestinal wall.
Conclusions: The technological development of endosonographic instruments and ultrasonic probes has made it possible to perform doppler investigations, to obtain endosonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and different therapeutic procedures, including drainage of cystic lesions and local drug application. In the article, the author describes the role and application of endosonography in submucosal and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Downloads
References
Sivak MV, Boyce G eds. Endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 36 Suppl: S1–46.
Rosch T, Classen M. Gastroenterological endosonography (textbook and atlas). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1992.
Skalicky M, Skok P, Pocajt M, Pernat C. Endoskopski ultrazvok – nova diagnostična smer v gastroenterologiji. Zdrav Vestn 1994; 63: 389–91.
Caletti G, Gerrari A, Barbara L. Normal endosonographic anatomy of the esophagus and stomach. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1992; 2: 601–14.
Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Rosch TH, et al. Evaluation of submucosal UGI tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 449–54.
Skok P. Endoscopic hemostasis in exulceratio simplex-Dieulafoy’s disease hemorrhage: a review of 25 cases. Endoscopy 1998; 30: 590–4.
Wiersema M, Hawes R, Tao LC, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography as an adjunct to fine needle aspiration cytology of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 35–9.
Lightdale C, ed. Endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1992; 2: 557–749.
Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Endosonography in the diagnosis of lymph nodes. Endoscopy 1993; 25: 243–5.
Zuccaro G Jr, Sivak MV Jr, Rice TW. Endoscopic ultrasound and the staging of esophageal and gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 1992; 2: 625–36.
Kelsey PJ, Warshaw AL. EUS: an added test or a replacement for several? Endoscopy 1993; 25: 179–81.
Skok P. Superior vena cava syndrome: the significance of endosonography in diagnosing enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes: a case report. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1997; 44: 1321–3.
Yasuda K. EUS in the detection of early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56 Suppl 4: S68–75.
Koon N, Schneider-Stock R, Sarlomo-Rikala, et al. Molecular targets for tumour progression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gut 2004; 53: 235–40.
Xi WD, Zhao C, Ren GS. Endoscopic ultrasonography in preoperative staging of gastric cancer: determination of tumor invasion depth, nodal involvement and surgical resectability. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 254–7.
Chak A. EUS in submucosal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56 Suppl 4: S43–8.
Okai T, Minamoto T, Ohtsubo K, et al. Endosonographic evaluation of c-kit positive gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Abdom Imaging 2003;28:301–7.
Michael H, Gress F. Diagnosis of cystic neoplasms with endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2002; 12: 719–33.
Rosch T, Kapfer B, Will U, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a prospective multicenter study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 856–62.
Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin LH, et al. Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 478–83.
Wiech T, Walch A, Werner M. Histopathological classification of nonneoplastic and neoplastic gastrointestinal submucosal lesions. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 630–4.
Polkowski M. Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle guided biopsy for the diagnosis of malignant submucosal tumors. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 635–45.
Shim CS, Jung IS. Endoscopic removal of submucosal tumors: preprocedure diagnosis, technical options and results. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 646–54.
Nickl N. Endoscopic approach to gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2005; 15: 455–66.
Chen VK, Eloubedi MA. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of intramural and extraintestinal mass lesions: diagnostic accuracy, complication assessment, and impact on management. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 455–66.
Shinomura Y, Kinoshita K, Tsutsui S, Hirota S. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 775–80.
Agaimy A, Wuensch PH. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours in patients with other-type cancer: A mere coincidence or an etiological association? A study of 97 GIST cases. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1025–30.
Yamao K, Sawaki A, Mizuno N, Shimizu Y, Yatabe Y, Koshikawa. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB): past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1013–23.
Yusuf TE, Harewood GC, Clain JE, Levy MJ. International survey of knowledge of indications for EUS. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 107–11.
Rubin BP. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: an update. Histopathology 2006; 48: 83–96.
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) has the right to transfer the rights, acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.