Acute retroviral syndrome in Slovenian patients infected with HIV
Abstract
Background: Two to six weeks after primary infection with HIV 50 to 90 percent of patients develop an acute retroviral syndrome which usually presents with mononucleosis or flu-like illness. Due to nonspecific symptoms ARS is frequently misdiagnosed.
Patients and methods: Data of Slovenian patients with acute retroviral syndrome is shown, as well as their symptoms, approaches to management and diagnostic particularities of primary HIV infection.
Conclusions: The combination of particular symptoms and epidemiological data should lead us to consider the possibility of an early HIV infection.
Downloads
References
Kassutto S, Rosenberg ES. Primary HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1447–53.
Marolt-Gomišček M. Sindrom pridobljene imunske pomanjkljivosti – aids. In: Marolt-Gomišček M, Radšel-Medvešček A. Infekcijske bolezni. 2. izdaja. Ljubljana: Tangram; 2002. p. 443–70.
UNAIDS (2004). AIDS epidemics update. December 2004. Geneva, UNAIDS.
Klavs I, Kastelic Z. Prijavljeni primeri aidsa in okužbe s HIV v Sloveniji od 1.1.1986 do 30.11.2004. Poročilo št. 4/2004. Ljubljana: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije, 2004: 1–4.
Pilcher CD, Shugars DC, Fiscus SA, Miller WC, Menezes P, Giner J, et al. HIV in body fluids during primary HIV infection: implications for pathogenesis, treatment and public health. AIDS 2001; 15: 837–45.
Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 33–9.
Lavreys L, Baeten JM, Overbaugh J, Panteleeff DD, Chohan BH, Richardson BA, et al. Virus load during primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) type 1 infection is related to the severity of acute HIV illness in Kenyan women. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 77–81.
Hecht FM, Busch MP, Rawal B, Webb M, Rosenberg E, Swanson M, et al. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2002; 16: 1119–29.
Vanhems P, Lambert J, Cooper DA, Perrin L, Carr A, Hirschel B, et al. Severity and prognosis of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 illness: a dose-response relationship. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 323–9.
Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR Jr, Todd JA, Hoo BS, Kokka RP, Gupta P. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 573–9.
Pincus JM, Crosby SS, Losina E, King ER, LaBelle C, Freedberg KA. Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients presenting to an urban urgent care center. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1699–704.
Luft S, Seme K, Poljak M. Laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannon Adriat 2004; 13: 43–9.
Weber B, Fall EH, Berger A, Doerr HW. Reduction of diagnostic window by new fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assays. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2235–9.
Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Poon SH, Phillips MN, Wilkes BM, Eldridge RL, et al. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000; 407: 523–6.
Busch MP, Satten GA. Time course of viremia and antibody seroconversion following human immunodeficiency virus exposure. Am J Med 1997; 102: 117–24.
Murthy KK, Henrard DR, Eichberg JW, Cobb KE, Busch MP, Allain JP, Alter HJ. Redefining the HIV-infectious window period in the chimpanzee model: evidence to suggest that viral nucleic acid testing can prevent bloodborne transmission. Transfusion 1999; 39: 688–93.
Poljak M, Babič D, Seme K. Retrospective evaluation of the Vidas HIV DUO test for simultaneous detection of anti-HIV antibody and p24 antigen. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannon Adriat 2002; 11: 11–3.
Weber B, Meier T, Enders G. Fourth generation human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening assays with an improved sensitivity for p24 antigen close the second diagnostic window in primary HIV infection. J Clin Virol 2002; 25: 357–9.
Weber B, Berger A, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Evaluation of a new combined antigen and antibody human immunodeficiency virus screening assay, VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1420–6.
Centers for Disease Control. Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50(RR-19): 1–58.
Poljak M, Seme K, Koren S. Sodobna diagnostika okužbe s HIV. In: Zbornik predavanj I. kliničnega simpozija o aidsu. Ljubljana: Medicinski razgledi 1997: 21–45.
Fidler S, Oxenius A, Brady M, Clarke J, Cropley I, Babiker A, et al. Virological and immunological effects of short-course antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection. AIDS 2002; 16: 2049–54.
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) has the right to transfer the rights, acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.
