BOTULISM
Abstract
Background. Human botulism is a serious, relatively rare and potencial lethal disease, caused by Clostridium botulinum, a gram positive obligat anaerobic spore forming bacili which strain produced seven potent nevrotoksins (type A-G). It can be found in soil and marine sediment troughout the world and also colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of fishes, birds and mammals.
Human botulism is usually caused by neurotoxin type A, B, E and rerely F. Type C, D and E cause illness in mammals, birds and fish. Botulism is not transmitted by human to human contact. More types of botulism are recognised: foodborne botulism, infant botulism, wound botulism, adult infection botulism, inadvertent botulism. Botulism is characterised by simmetrical, descendenting paralisys of motor and autonomic nerves usually beginning with cranial nerves. The pacient alert, afebril and without sensory disturbance. Botulinum toxin is an agent of biological warfare.
Conclusions. From 1985 to 2003 are identified 44 cases of foodborn botulism in Slovenia. We described the outbreak of foodborn botulism in family epidemic, which source is domestic raw smoke ham.
Downloads
References
WHO. Clostridium botullinum international programme on chemical safety poisons information monograph 858 bacteria. http://www.who.int/ csr/delibepidemics/en/clostridiumbotulism.pdf.
Bleck TP. Clostridium botullinum. In: Mandell GL, Benett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious disease. 5th ed. Vol. 2. London: ChurchillLivingstone, 2000: 2543–9.
Marolt-Gomišček M, Radšel-Medvešček A. Botulism. Infekcijske bolezni. Ljubljana: Tangram, 2002: 171–4.
Sočan M, Kraigher A, Klun N, Hočevar-Grom A. Botulizem. Med Razgl 1997; 36: Suppl 1: 103–12.
Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow D. Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 221–8.
Kim J, CBRNE. Botulism. Pridobljeno 14. 2. 2004 s svetovnega spleta http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic64.html.
Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Botulism in the United States, 1889–1996: Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians and laboratory workers. Atlanta: CDC, 1998.
Botulism in Alaska – a Guide for Physicians and Health Care Providers – 1998 Update. State of Alaska Health & Services.
Kalluri P et al. An outbreack of foodborne botulism associated with food sold at a salvage store in Texas. ClD 2003; 37: 1690–5.
Botulism. Fact sheet No 270. Revised August 2002. Pridobljeno 27. 4. 2004 s svetovnega spleta http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who270/ en/.
Kirk M, Chan-Tak. Botulism. Pridobljeno 28. 4. 2004 s svetovnega spleta. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic238.html.
Botulism. Pridobljeno 14. 2. 2004 s svetovnega spleta. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28d.jsp.
Wound botulism among black tar heroin users. Washington 2003 MMWR 19. 09, 2003/52(37); 885–886. Pridobljeno 3. 4. 2003 s svetovnega spleta. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5237a3.htm.
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pridobljeno 14. 2. 2004 s svetovnega spleta. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.htm.
Kraigher A, Hočevar-Grom A, Klavs I, Sočan M et al. Epidemiološko spremljanje nalezljivih bolezni v Sloveniji v letu 1995–2003. Zdrav Var 1996–2003; 35–42, Suppl 4.
Harlander D, Patkovič-Colarič J, Miljavac B et al. Bilten: higiena, epidemiologija in ekologija. Novo mesto: Zavod za zdravstveno varstvo, 1996, 1999, 2000.
MMWR: Infant botulism. New York 2001–2002. 2003; Vol. 52(2): 21–40.
Zakon o nalezljivih boleznih. Ur. l. št. 69/95.
Pravilnik o prijavi nalezljivih bolezni in posebnih ukrepih za njihovo preprečevanje in obvladovanje. Ur. l. št.16/99.
Stephen S, Schester R et al. Botulinum toxin a biological weapon. JAMA 285; 2001. Pridobljeno maja 2004 s svetovnega spleta. http://jama.amaassn.org/cgi/content/full/285/8/1059/FIGJST17F1.
Eurosurvaillance. Special issue on botulism 1999; Vol. 4(1): 1–7.
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) has the right to transfer the rights, acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.
