ASTROCYTES’ FUNCTION
Keywords:
astrocytes, functions, central nervous system
Abstract
Background. Although astrocytes represent 50%
of cells in the central nervous system they were recognized as
passive, supportive cells regulating homeostasis and creating
the microenvironment suitable for neuronal cells to function.
But lately, it was proven that astrocytes possess a unique feature
– they are capable of changing their morphology and function
throughout life in response to changes in brain microenvironment.
Conclusions. They have important functions during development,
adulthood and after the brain injury, when they actively
participate in the regeneration process or form a scar
after excessive neuron loss. Recently discovered functions of
astrocytes are: equal partnership in tripartite synapse and active
regulation of generation and maintenance of synapses in
central nervous system.
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References
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2. Ramón y Cajal S. Histologie de system nerveux de l’homme et des vertébrés.
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3. Giaume C, McCarthy K. Control of gap-junctional communication in astrocyte
networks. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19: 319–25.
4. Alvarez-Maubecin V, Garcia-Hernandez F, Williams JT, Van Bockstaele EJ.
Functional coupling between neurons and glia. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 4091–
8.
5. Verhratsky A, Kettenmann H. Calcium signalling in glial cells. Trends Neurosci
1996; 19: 346–52.
6. Rakic P. Neuron-glia relationship during granule cell migration in developing
cerebellar cortex. A Golgi and electromicroscopic study in Macaca
rhesus. J Comp Neurol 1971; 141: 283–312.
7. Hatten ME. Neuronal regulation of astroglial morphology and proliferation
in vitro. J Cell Biol 1985; 100: 384–96.
8. Pfrieger FW, Barres BA. Synaptic efficacy enhanced by glial cells in vitro.
Science 1997; 277; 1684–7.
9. Schwartz JP, Mishler K. β-adrenergic receptor regulation, through cyclic
AMP, of nerve growth factor expression in rat cortical and cerebellar
astrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1990; 10: 447–57.
10. Ullian EM, Sapperstein SK, Christopherson KS, Barres BA. Control of synapse
number by glia. Science 2001; 291: 657–60.
11. Walz W. Role of astrocytes in the clearance of excess extracellular potassium.
Neurochem Int 2000; 36: 291–300.
12. Erecinska M, Silver IA. Metabolism and role of glutamate in mammalian
brain. Prog Neurobiol 1990; 35: 245–96.
13. Gegelashvili G, Schousboe A. High affinity glutamate transporters: re-expression
of expression and activity. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52: 6–15.
14. Nicholls D, Attwell D. The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids.
Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11: 462–8.
15. Araque A, Sanzgiri RP, Parpura V, Haydon PG. Calcium elevation in astrocytes
causes an NMDA receptor-dependent increase in the frequency of
miniature synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci
1998; 18: 6822–9.
16. Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG. Tripartite synapse: glia, the
unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 1998; 22; 208–15.
17. Vesce S, Bezzi P, Volterra A. The highly integrated dialogue between
neurons and astrocytes in brain function. Science Progress 1999; 82: 251–
70.
18. Aschner M, Allen JW, Kimelberg HK, LoPachin RM, Streit JW. Glial cells in
neurotoxicity development. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1999; 39: 151–73.
19. Dombro RS, Bender AS, Norenberg MD. Association between cell swelling
and glycogen content in cultured astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:
161–9.
20. Bourke RS, Kimelberg HK, Daze M, Church G. Swelling and ion uptake in cat
cerebrocortical slices: control by neurotransmitters and ion transport mechanisms.
Neurochem Res 1983; 8: 5–24.
21. Bender AS, Norenberg MD. The role of K+ influx on glutamate induced
astrocyte swelling: effect of temperature. Acta Neurochirurgica 1994; 60:
Suppl: 28–30.
22. Willard-Mack CL, Koehler RC, Hirata T, Cork LC, Takahashi H, Traystman RJ,
Brusilow SW. Inhibition of gluthamine synthetase reduces ammonia-induced
astrocyte swelling in rat. Neuroscience 1996; 71: 589–99.
23. Zhou BG, Norenberg MD. Ammonia down-regulates GLAST mRNA glutamate
transporter in rat astrocyte cultures. Neuroscience Lett 1999; 276: 145–
8.
24. Bender AS, Norenberg MD. Effect of benzodiazepines and neurosteroids
on ammonia-induced swelling in cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1998;
54: 673–80.
25. Eddleston M, Mucke L. Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes-implications
for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 1993; 54: 15–36.
26. McMillian MK, Thai L, Hong JS, O’Callaghan JP, Pennypacker KR. Brain
injury in a dish: a model for reactive gliosis. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17: 138–
42.
27. Ridet JL, Malhorta SK, Privat A, Gage FH. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and
molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 570–7.
28. Kržan M, Nomura T, Schwartz JP. Neurochemical approaches to the characterization of reactive gliosis. Recent Res Devel Neurochem 1999; 2: 247–55.
29. Sarnat HB. Developmental disorders of the nervous system. In: Bradley WG,
Daroff RRB, Fenichel GM, Marsden CD. Neurology in clinical practice. The
neurological disorders. Second edition. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann,
1995: 1459–2.
30. Hof PR, Trapp BD, de Vellis J, Claudio L, Colman DR. The cellular components
of nervous tissue. In: Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL,
Squire LR. Fundamental neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999:
41–70.
31. Goldstein GW. Endothelial cell-astrocyte interactions: a cellular model for
the blood-brain barrier. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988; 529: 31–9.
32. Shewan D, Berry M, Cohen J. Extensive regeneration in vitro by early
embrionic neurons on immature and adult CNS tissue. J Neurosci 1995; 15:
2057–62.
33. Balasingam V, Tejada-Berges T, Wright E, Bouckova R, Yong VW. Reactive
astrogliosis in the neonatal mouse brain and its modulation by cytokines. J
Neurosci 1994; 14: 846–56.
34. Balasingam V, Dickson K, Brade A, Yong VW. Astrocyte reactivity in neonatal
mice: apparent dependence on the presence of reactive microglia/
macrophages. Glia 1996; 18: 11–26.
35. Rostworowski M, Balasingam V, Chabot S, Owens T, Yong VW. Astrogliosis
in the neonatal and adult murine brain post-trauma: elevation of inflammatory
cytokines and the lack of requirement for endogenous interferon-γ. J
Neurosci 1997; 17: 3664–74.
36. Schwartz JP, Sheng JG, Mitsuo K, Shirabe S, Nishiyama N. Trophic factor
production by reactive astrocytes in injured brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;
679: 226–34.
37. Shao Y, McCarthy KD. Plasticity of astrocytes. Glia 1994; 11: 147–55.
38. D’Ambrosio R, Maris DO, Grady MS, Winn HR, Janigro D. Electrophysiological
properties of post-traumatic hippocampal glia. J Neurosci 1999; 19:
8152–62.
39. Mennerick S, Dhond RP, Benz A, Xu W, Rothstein JD, Danbolt NC, Isenberg
KE, Zorumski CF. Neuronal expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1
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Published
2017-04-14
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Kržan M. ASTROCYTES’ FUNCTION. TEST ZdravVestn [Internet]. 14Apr.2017 [cited 5Aug.2024];70(10). Available from: http://vestnik-dev.szd.si/index.php/ZdravVest/article/view/2558
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