CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT IN CHILDREN
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract are the commonest congenital anomalies in children, often detected prenatally with ultrasound. This method is useful for assesing the degree of dilatation of the collecting system, structure of the kidney parenchyma, amount of amniotic fluid and urinary bladder. Hydronephrosis is the most common among them. Anomalies can be bilateral or unilateral and different defects may coexist in an individual child. Anomalies of other organs and organ systems are often associated with anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract, described in numerous syndromes. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract can be divided in anomalies of the renal parencyma development, renal embryonic migration and position, cystic kidney diseases and anomalies of the urinary tract (collecting system of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra). They are the commonest cause of end-stage renal disease in children.Downloads
References
Waters AM, Rosenblum ND. Overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). UpToDate 2013. Dosegljivo na: www.uptodate.com.
Roszkowska-Blaim M. Prenatal diagnosis. In: Cochat P et al. ESPN Handbook. European Society for Pediatric Nephrology; 2002. p. 137-9.
Kersnik Levart T, Battelino N,. Kopač M, Rus R, Novljan G, Meglič A, Sedlar A, et al. Novosti pri obravnavi otrok s sumom na prirojene napake sečil. Slov Pediatr. 2012; 19: 221-29.
Mitsioni A, Jankauskiene A. Cystic dysplasia. In: Cochat P et al. ESPN Handbook. European Society for Pediatric Nephrology; 2002. p. 179-81.
Czupryniak A, Salomon R. Renal hypoplasia. In: Cochat P et al. ESPN Handbook. European Society for Pediatric Nephrology; 2002. p. 182-5.
Congenital abnormalitiies. In: Rees L, Brogan PA, Bockenhauer D, Webb NJA, eds. Paediatric Nephrology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 49-74.
Rus R, Kunstelj A. Single functioning kidney – a retrospective study of 207 children. Ther Apher Dial. 2009; 13(3): A26.
González E, Gutiérrez E, Morales E, Hernández E, Andres A, Bello I et al. Factors influencing the progression of renal damage in patients with unilateral renal agenesis and remnant kidney. Kidney Int. 2005;68(1):263.
Elder JS. Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children. In: Behrmann RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2004. p. 1783-826.
Kaplan BS. Developmental Abnormalities of the Kidneys. In: Kaplan BS, Meyers KEC. Pediatric Nephrology and Urology. The Requisites in Pediatrics. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc.; 2004. p. 223-30.
Fracka B. Upper and lower urinary tract obstruction: Medical approach. In: Cochat P et al. ESPN Handbook. European Society for Pediatric Nephrology; 2002. p. 140-3.
DiSandro M. Hydronephrosis of the Kidney and Ureter. In: Baskin LS, Kogan BA, Duckett JW, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Urology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997. p. 149-66.
Borirakchanyavat S. Vesicoureteral reflux. In: Baskin LS, Kogan BA, Duckett JW, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Urology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997. p. 139-48.
Kenda RB, Kenig T, Šilc M, Zupančič Ž. Renal ultrasound and excretory urography in infants and young children with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Radiol. 1989; 19: 299-301.
Kenda RB, Kenig T, Budihna N. Detecting vesico-ureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings of children with reflux by direct radionuclide cystography. Eur J Pediatr. 1991; 150: 735-7.
Ključevšek D, Ključevšek T, Kersnik Levart T, Kenda RB. Ureteric jet Doppler waveform: is it a reliable predictor of vesicoureteric reflux in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24: 313-8.
Wilcox D. Upper and lower urinary tract obstructions: Surgical approach. In: Cochat P et al. ESPN Handbook. European Society for Pediatric Nephrology; 2002. p. 144-8.
The Author transfers to the Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) all economic copyrights following form Article 22 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act (ZASP), including the right of reproduction, the right of distribution, the rental right, the right of public performance, the right of public transmission, the right of public communication by means of phonograms and videograms, the right of public presentation, the right of broadcasting, the right of rebroadcasting, the right of secondary broadcasting, the right of communication to the public, the right of transformation, the right of audiovisual adaptation and all other rights of the author according to ZASP.
The aforementioned rights are transferred non-exclusively, for an unlimited number of editions, for the term of the statutory
The Author can make use of his work himself or transfer subjective rights to others only after 3 months from date of first publishing in the journal Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal.
The Publisher (Zdravniški vestnik/Slovenian Medical Journal) has the right to transfer the rights, acquired parties without explicit consent of the Author.
The Author consents that the Article be published under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 (attribution-non-commercial) or comparable licence.