INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THYROID GLAND
Abstract
Background. Serum thiocyanate concentrations are higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Thiocyanate inhibits iodide uptake and organification of iodine and increases iodide efflux from the thyroid cell in vitro. In iodine-deficient areas the incidence of goiter among smokers is increased. Smokers have higer prevalence of Graves’ disease. There is an even stronger relationship between smoking, and prevalence and degree of endocrine ophthalmopathy. Possible causes are direct irritative effect of cigarette smoke and stimulation of immune reactions. Smoking ameliorates clinical and metabolic effects of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Conclusions. Thyroid should be added to the growing list of organs negatively influenced by cigarette smoking. In the iodine-deficient areas possible goitrogenic effect of smoking should be considered (Slovenia is a mild iodine-deficient area). Patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy should be encouraged to refrain from smoking.
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